What is the primary by-product of anaerobic metabolism?

The primary by-product of anaerobic metabolism is lactic acid. During anaerobic metabolism, which occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available for the oxidative phosphorylation process in the mitochondria, glucose is broken down through a process called glycolysis to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process results in the formation of lactic acid as a by-product, especially during high-intensity exercise when oxygen levels are low and the demand for energy is high.

Lactic acid accumulation can lead to temporary muscle fatigue and soreness, which is commonly experienced during intense physical activity. While carbon dioxide is produced during aerobic metabolism, in anaerobic metabolism it is not generated in significant amounts. Oxygen, on the other hand, is consumed rather than produced in the context of anaerobic processes, and glucose serves as the starting substrate rather than a by-product. Therefore, lactic acid is specifically recognized as the primary by-product of anaerobic metabolism.